Cripple Creek

In 1890 the Cripple Creek, Colorado, area was ranching country with fewer than 500 residents. A local cowboy named Bob Womack had discovered traces of placer gold in 1878 and maintained for years that a rich source was waiting to be found. In October 1890, Womack staked a claim on a site in Poverty Gulch just north of the current town. Womack’s claim of gold was not taken seriously until the following April when Ed De LaVergne, a Colorado Springs mineralogist, examined Womack's ore samples. Though only an amateur mineralogist, LaVergne had recently seen similar gold-telluride ore samples from Europe and recognized Womack's find. He staked his own claim and in April 1891 formed the Cripple Creek Mining District. With the mining district’s formation came a flood of prospectors and the rush was on. During the next 10 years gold production exploded and the town grew rapidly. By 1900 over 55,000 people resided in and around Cripple Creek. The district boasted an estimated 150 saloons, plus dance halls, theaters, hotels, restaurants, shops, and an extensive red-light district. There were 41 assay offices, 91 lawyers, 46 brokerage houses, and 14 newspapers. Almost 500 mines pulled millions of dollars worth of gold from the ground annually. Production peaked in 1900, with over 878,000 ounces of gold produced. The town managed this growth despite two major fires in 1896 that left most of the town in ashes (and directly led to the rebuilt brick and stone structures now seen on Bennett Avenue and at the Hotel St. Nicholas), and major labor conflicts in 1894 and 1903. Gold production declined after 1900, and a consolidation of mining properties began. By the early 1940’s gold production was down to 125-145,000 ounces per year. Declining production and improved mining efficiency reduced demand for miners, and the businesses that served them. The last mine closed in 1962 and the town dwindled, relying on a modest summer tourist industry. By 1990 the population had fallen to under 600 people. In 1991 Colorado approved limited-stakes gambling in Cripple Creek and the town’s renewal began as many of Bennett Avenue’s historic brick buildings were refurbished as casinos. In 1995 Independence Mining (acquired in 1999 by the Cripple Creek and Victor Gold Mining Company) established a new open-pit mining operation on the site of the former Cresson Mine. The new mine now produces over 250,000 ounces of gold annually and is the largest gold mining operation in the continental United States.